Kidney Cleanse: Kidney Care Formula

Preventing kidney stones

As the incidence of kidney problems has soared to epidemic levels over the last ten years, the need for a strong, dedicated formula for doing a regular kidney flush has become paramount.  Even though a number of herbs (chanca piedra, juniper berry, uva ursi, parsley root, dandelion root, and horsetail) are common to both kidney and liver maintenance, a few additional ingredients are necessary for long-term kidney health. Such a kidney detox formula will help rid the body of kidney sludge and stones, clear infection and inflammation from the kidneys, and help stimulate renal tissue. It’s also important preparation for the Liver/Gallbladder Cleanse as it helps soften gallstones and pancreatic sludge in preparation for their purging in that detox.

But first, let’s explore some background on the kidneys and the extent of the problem in the world today.

The Kidneys

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located on either side of the lower back, just below the rib cage. Their function is to:

  • Keep the composition of your blood balanced.
  • Regulate the amount of fluid in the body.
  • Control balance of electrolytes in your blood.
  • Help to control blood pressure.
  • Produce hormones that are crucial for blood and bone formation.

After blood is filtered through the kidneys, the primary byproduct is urine. The production of urine is a complex process. Far from being a simple removal of water from the body, it is, rather, a process of selective filtration that not only removes waste and potential toxins from the blood while retaining essential molecules, but that also serves to balance key biochemicals and hormones in the blood. Blood enters the kidneys by way of the renal artery and is processed in tiny tubes called nephrons and returned to circulation through the renal veins. The substances that are filtered are turned into urine, composed of 95% water, 2.5% urea, 2.5% mixture of minerals, salt, hormones and enzymes. Urine is then collected in the central part of the kidney and passes through the ureters to the bladder. When the bladder is full of urine, it is emptied from the body through the urethra. Approximately 180 liters of blood move through the two kidneys every day, about 1.5 liters of urine are produced.

Other Functions of the Kidneys

In addition to cleaning the blood, the kidneys regulate the amount of water contained in the blood. ADH (Vasopressin) is an anti-diuretic hormone produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland. When the amount of salt and other substances in the blood becomes too high, the pituitary glands release ADH into the bloodstream and to the kidneys. This increases the permeability of the walls of the renal tubules, helping to reabsorb more water into the blood stream. The kidneys also adjust the body’s acid-base balance to prevent acidosis and alkalosis.

Another function of the kidneys is the processing of vitamin D. The kidneys convert this vitamin to an active form that stimulates bone development.

The nephrons

As mentioned above, the processing (or filtering) in the kidneys is done in the nephrons. Not surprisingly then, most kidney problems are focused in the nephrons, and correspondingly, most kidney drugs target the nephrons. For example, most diuretics inhibit the ability of the nephrons to retain water, thereby increasing the amount of urine produced.

The important thing to understand about the nephrons is that they are very, very tiny – and therefore easily plugged. When plugged, they become inflamed and infected and die. Also, because they are so small they are easily damaged by chemical imbalances in the blood that attack protein – specifically, high blood sugar and high insulin – which is why diabetes and kidney disease go hand in hand. The bottom line is that over time, when enough nephrons die, kidney function is compromised to the point that the kidneys can no longer do their job. At that point they require outside support (i.e. dialysis) or outright replacement (a kidney transplant).

For a full explanation of the anatomy of nephrons and how they work, check out the Anatomy and Physiology of of the Urinary System.

Kidney Diseases

Diseases of the kidneys range from mild infection to life-threatening kidney failure. The most common form of kidney disease is an inflammation of the kidneys. Kidney sludge is the result of the accumulated crystallized minerals that sometimes obstruct the flow of urine and damage the kidneys. If the minerals accumulate to a sufficient degree, the sludge actually forms into rough surfaced stones that actually rip and tear at the ureters on their way out of the kidneys.

Anyone who suffers from kidney stones knows the pain involved in passing a stone, but keep in mind that a kidney stone is only the extreme manifestation of sludge. Just because you don’t suffer from kidney stones doesn’t mean you don’t have a problem. Kidney sludge may not be painful passing out the ureter, but it is nevertheless deadly over time as it slowly chokes off kidney function nephron by nephron.

How extensive is the problem? Virtually, every living person has some degree of sludge build up and some loss of kidney function over time. The only question is how much. Does it reach the point where it causes painful kidney stones to form or the point where it chokes off a critical mass of kidney tissue, ultimately leading to kidney failure.

It should be noted that although kidney stones and gallstones are not identical, the mechanisms involved in their formation are remarkably similar. This means that the same formulas used for eliminating kidney sludge and kidney stones will also help remove gallstones – and for that matter, even help with softening and removing pancreatic sludge and arthritic calcium deposits in joints.

Kidney failure occurs when the kidneys are no longer able to keep the blood balanced. In acute kidney failure, symptoms include swelling, drowsiness, and irregular heartbeat. In chronic kidney failure, symptoms include fatigue, loss of appetite, headaches, cramps and thirst.

In addition to sludge, the other major kidney problems are connected to infection, inflammation, and direct damage to the protein that makes up the kidney tissue as a result of high sugar and high insulin levels.

A growing epidemic

The National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse estimates that each year, nearly 100,000 Americans are newly diagnosed with kidney failure. More than 100,000 currently have End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) due to diabetes, and an astounding 20 million have physiological evidence of chronic kidney disease.1 “Kidney Disease Statistics for the United States.” NKUDIC. (Accessed 14 Feb 2015.) http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/kustats/  According to the U.S. Renal Data System’s 2014 Annual Data Report, more than 636,000 Americans are being treated for end stage renal disease (ESRD) and required either ongoing renal dialysis or a kidney transplant.2 “2014 Annual Data Report.” USRDS. 2014. http://www.usrds.org/2014/view/Default.aspx  Without one of these therapies, ESRD is fatal. Fortunately, there are natural alternatives to keep your kidneys healthy to avoid going down that road.

Taking care of your kidneys

Paramount to good care of the kidneys is  reducing the toxic load they have to deal with, especially proteins and chemical contaminants which can build up in the kidneys, slowing their function, increasing acidity and raising blood pressure. So, consider lightening the diet–instead of eating meat every day, try going vegetarian for a day or so a week. A vegetable/fruit-based diet allows the body system to alkalinize via the kidneys, lowering blood pressure, and contributing to a sense of well-being. Also, drinking enough water so that the urine is a light color of yellow. A whole lot of water is not necessarily good for the kidneys, and it is always better to drink small amounts of water throughout the day, rather than gulping down a quart or two because you’re thirsty. This just creates kidney stress.

The regular use of a kidney cleansing and rebuilding formula is now mandatory considering the stresses we put our kidneys under thanks to our “modern” lifestyles. A good kidney formula/s will include most of the following properties and ingredients.

What the formula needs to do

  1. Anti-lithic (stone breaking)
  2. Diuretic (water removing)
  3. Antiseptic (infection killing)
  4. Anti-nephrotoxic and anti-hepatotoxic
  5. Soothing to urinary tract tissue
  6. Anti-inflammatory
  7. Stimulating to renal tissue

A note on stones

Different stones in the body have different chemical make-ups.

For example, gallstones are primarily formed from cholesterol, bile salts, and proteins. The more protein, the harder the stones. Think of it like the protein used to make fingernails. Incidentally, this protein primarily comes from the lining of the gallbladder. In other words, although stones get their start in the liver, they turn problematic in the gallbladder – which is why removing the gallbladder gets rid of symptoms, but not necessarily the underlying problem, which starts in the liver.

Pancreatic stones are formed from fatty acids, calcium, and proteins.

And kidney stones themselves vary significantly. There are four types.

  • Calcium stones are composed of calcium that is chemically bound to oxalate (calcium oxalate) or phosphate (calcium phosphate).3 “Diet for Kidney Stone Prevention.” NKUDIC (Accessed 1 Jan 2015.) http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/KUDiseases/pubs/kidneystonediet/index.aspx
  • Uric acid stones. If the acid level in the urine is high or too much acid is excreted, the uric acid may not dissolve and uric acid stones may form.
    Struvite  or infection stones develop when a urinary tract infection alters the chemical balance of the urine causing stones to form from ammonium, magnesium, phosphate (aka struvite).
  • Cysteine stones. Some people inherit a rare condition that results in large amounts of cystine in the urine, which causes the formation of cystine stones that are difficult to treat.

The important thing to understand is that although all of the above types of stones have different chemical compositions, most of them can be dissolved by the right combination of herbs in a single formula.

What to look for in a formula

Chanca piedra (Phyllanthus niruri)

For a number of years now, I have recommended using chanca piedra before liver detoxing to soften gallstones before trying to pass them during the detox. Chanca piedra works equally well on gallstones, kidney stones, kidney sludge, and pancreatic crystals. In fact, the name chanca piedra, as it is known in Peru, comes from its effect on kidney stones and gallstones. The literal translation is “stone breaker.” It effectively softens kidney stones, gallstones, and pancreatic crystals for easy passage out of the body. It is also renowned for its diuretic qualities and has been shown effective at helping relieve edema and urine retention. It also works as an anti-inflammatory agent in the kidneys and as an antihepatotoxic in the liver. That is to say, it counters the effects of toxins in the liver.

References (4 Murugaiyah V, et al. “Antihyperuricemic lignans from the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri.” Planta Med. 2006 Nov; 72(14): 1262-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953466 5 Micali, S., et al. “Can Phyllanthus niruri affect the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for renal stones? A randomized, prospective, long-term study.” J. Urol. 2006 Sep; 176(3): 1020-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890682 6 Barros, M. E., et al. “Effect of extract of Phyllanthus niruri on crystal deposition in experimental urolithiasis.” Urol Res. 2006 Dec;34(6):351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16896689 7 Nishiura, J. L., et al. “Phyllanthus niruri normalizes elevated urinary calcium levels in calcium stone forming (CSF) patients.” Urol. Res. 2004 Oct; 32(5): 362-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221244 ,  8 Barros, M. E., et al. “Effects of an aqueous extract from Phyllanthus niruri on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro.” Urol. Res. 2003; 30(6): 374-9. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00240-002-0285-y#page-1 9 Freitas, A. M., et al. “The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and other factors associated with renal stone formation.” B. J. U. Int. 2002; 89(9): 829–34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12010223 10 Campos, A. H., et al. “Phyllanthus niruri inhibits calcium oxalate endocytosis by renal tubular cells: its role in urolithiasis.” Nephron. 1999; 81(4): 393–97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10095174 )

Hydrangea root (Hydrangea Arborescens)

The most common use for hydrangea is for the kidneys and bladder because of its effective diuretic property which helps increase the flow of urine. This removes impurities from the system and lessens the likelihood of infection along the entire urinary tract, which includes the kidneys, bladder, prostate (in men) and urethra. Hydrangea, like chanca piedra, is also considered an anti-lithic herb, which prevents stones or gravel from forming in the kidneys and bladder. As an anti-lithic herb, it can also assist the body in removing stones and gravel from these organs. This was a primary use of hydrangea by Native Americans.

Like most diuretic herbs, hydrangea is an excellent choice for treating inflamed or enlarged prostate glands. It is commonly combined with horsetail for this purpose. Maintaining healthy urine flow keeps the prostate less likely to constrict around the urethra, which prevents stagnant urine from causing more infection. This can also reduce inflammation by eliminating impurities from the prostate.

A scientific study published in Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry in 2003 noted that hydrangea root extracts have greater antioxidant power in liver tissue than milk thistle and turmeric combined. The findings of Japanese researchers amplify observations of nineteenth-century American physicians who used hydrangea primarily as a treatment for “kidney gravel,” small stones in the kidneys that could be passed with a minimum of pain after treatment with the herb. Physicians of the time also used hydrangea as a treatment for chronic chest pain caused by bronchitis. Hydrangea root powder has a greater diuretic effect than other preparations of the herb , but it has less of an effect on pain.

References (11 Anon: British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. British Herbal Medicine Association, Keighley, UK; 1996. 12 Newall CA, Anderson LA & Phillipson JD: Herbal Medicines. A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK; 1996. 13 Duke JA: Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 1985. )

Gravel root (Eupatorium purpureum)

Like chanca piedra and hydrangea, gravel root also exhibits both diuretic and anti-lithic properties. Used primarily for kidney stones or gravel (which accounts for its name), it also helps with cystitis, dysuria, urethritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. It can also play a role in the systemic treatment of rheumatism and gout as it encourages excretion of excess uric acid. And finally, it tones the reproductive tract and is used to treat inflammation of the prostate.

References (14 BHMA 1983 British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, BHMA, Bournemouth. 15 Grieve, M. 1931 A Modern Herbal, (ed. C.F. Leyel 1985), London. 16 Hoffmann, D. 1990 The New Holistic Herbal, Second Edition, Element, Shaftesbury. 17 Lust, J. 1990 The Herb Book, Bantam, London. 18 Mabey, R. (ed.) 1991 The Complete New Herbal, Penguin, London. 19 Mills, S.Y. 1993 The A-Z of Modern Herbalism, Diamond Books, London. 20 Wren, R.C. 1988 Potter’s New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, C.W.Daniel, Saffron Walden. )

Marshmallow root (Althaea Officinalis)

Marshmallow’s highest medicinal acclaim is as a demulcent. Internally it has a soothing effect on inflamed and irritated tissues of the alimentary canal, and urinary and respiratory organs. It aids in the passage of kidney stones and is used in combination with other diuretic herbs for kidney treatments which assist in the release of gravel and stones. It works very well for urinary problems.

Marshmallow has factors which combine with and eliminate toxins, helping the body to cleanse. This makes marshmallow an excellent herb to add to other formulas to help neutralize toxins that are the causative factors of arthritis.

Marshmallow is also very soothing to any sore or inflamed part(s) of the body. As well as the urinary tract, this herb will soothe an irritated digestive tract and help with diarrhea or dysentery.

References (21 Duke, J. 1997: The Green Pharmacy, The Ultimate Compendium of Natural Remedies from the World’s Foremost Authority on Healing and Herbs. Pp. 53; 104; 119; 181; 187; 207; 479; 491. Rodale Press. ,  22 Guarnieri A, Chiarini A, Burnelli S, Amorosa M. 1974. “Mucilage of Althaea officinalis.” Farmaco [Prat]. 1974 Feb; 29(2): 83-91. Italian. )

Juniper berry (Juniperus communis)

Juniper Berries are used to treat infections, especially within the urinary tract, bladder, kidneys, and prostate. Their antiseptic properties help remove waste and acidic toxins from the body, stimulating a fighting action against bacterial and yeast infections. Juniper Berries also help increase the flow of digestive fluids, improving digestion and eliminating gas and stomach cramping. As a diuretic, Juniper Berries eliminate excess water retention contributing to weight loss. Juniper Berries’ anti-inflammatory properties are ideal for relieving pain and inflammation related to rheumatism and arthritis. In addition, Juniper Berries are beneficial in reducing congestion, as well as treating asthma and colds. Juniper Berries make an excellent antiseptic in conditions such as cystitis. But the essential oil present in this herb is quite stimulating to the kidney nephrons. Some texts warn that juniper oil may be a kidney irritant at higher doses, but there is no real evidence that this is the case, and the dosage in this formula is quite low. Nonetheless, people with serious kidney disease probably shouldn’t take juniper.

Contemporary herbalists primarily use juniper as a diuretic (“water pill”) component of herbal formulas designed to treat bladder infections . The volatile oils of juniper reportedly increase the rate of kidney filtration, thereby increasing urine flow and perhaps helping to “wash out” offending bacteria. The volatile oils, particularly terpinen-4-ol, may cause an increase in urine volume. According to some sources, juniper increases urine volume without a loss of electrolytes such as potassium. It is recommended by the German Commission E for kidney ailments.

References (23 Newall C, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals . London, England: Pharmaceutical Press; 1996:176. 24 Tyler VE. Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1994, 76–7. 25 Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckman J. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 2000, 218–20. 26 Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al (eds). The Complete Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 155–6. 27 Wichtl M (ed). 1994. Juniperi fructus – Juniper berry. In Herbal Drugs and Phyto-pharmaceuticals. (English translation by Norman Grainger Bisset). CRC Press, Stuttgart, pp. 283-285. )

Corn silk (Maydis stigma )

Corn silk is a soothing diuretic and works as an excellent remedy for urinary conditions such as retained urine, burning urine, kidney stones, bladder infections, gonorrhea, and as a lymphatic system cleanser. Corn Silk is used to treat bladder infections, kidney stones, infections of the prostate gland, and urinary infections.

References (28 Bradley PR (ed): British Herbal Compendium, Vol 1. British Herbal Medicine Association, Bournemouth, UK; 1992. 29 Bever BO and Zahnd GR. Plants with oral hypoglycaemic action.  Q J Crude Drug Res 1979; 17: 139-196. 30 Hahn SJ. Pharmacological action of Maydis stigma. K’at’ollik Taehak Uihakpu Nonmunjip 1973; 25: 127-141. )

Uva ursi (Arctosyaphylos uva ursi)

The chief constituent of Uva Ursi is a glycoside called arbutin. This is what is responsible for its diuretic action. During its excretion arbutin produces an antiseptic effect on the urinary mucous membrane and can therefore help eliminate urinary tract infections. Tannic acid is also contained in the leaves. This herb also helps to keep the pH balance of urine from being too acid. It actually strengthens the lining of the urinary tract and helps to relieve any inflammation in the system. It has a direct sedative effect on the bladder walls. Allantoin, also found in Uva Ursi spurs the healing of wounds. For chronic inflammation of the bladder or kidneys Uva Ursi has no equal. Two studies report that urine from individuals given uva ursi is active against the most commonly involved bacteria in bladder and urinary tract infection.

This study supports the results of a double blind study of 57 women with recurrent cystitis. After one year, the placebo group had 20% incidence of recurring cystitis, whereas the uva ursi group had no recurring infection.

In addition it has anti-lithic properties that help in dissolving crystals not just in the kidneys, but throughout the body as well. It has, therefore, been used for arthritis and other painful joint problems.

References (31 McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R et al (eds): American Herbal Products Association’s Botanical Safety Handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 1997. 32 Blumenthal M (ed): Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. American Botanical Council, Austin, TX; 2000. 33 Siegers C, Siegers J, Pentz R, et al. “Metabolism of arbutin from uva ursi-extracts in humans.” Pharm Pharmacol Lett 1997;7(2-3);90-2. ,  34 Larsson B, Jonasson A, Fianu S. “Prophylactic effect of UVA-E in women with recurrent cystitis: a preliminary report.” Curr Ther Res Clin exp 1993;53(4):441-3. http://www.currenttherapeuticres.com/article/S0011-393X(05)80204-8/abstract )

Parsley root (Petroselinum crispum)

An important diuretic, parsley root also helps clear uric acid from the urinary tract and helps dissolve and expel gallstones and gravel – and prevent their future formation.  It also inhibits the secretion of histamine and is therefore useful in treating hives and relieving other allergy symptoms. A decoction of parsley root can help eliminate bloating and reduce weight by eliminating excess water gain. Note: the German Commission E, an advisory panel on herbal medicines, has approved parsley for use in the prevention and treatment of kidney stones.

References (35 Newall CA, Anderson LA & Phillipson JD (eds): Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, England; 1996. 36 Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A et al (eds): The Complete German Commission E Monographs, 1st ed. American Botanical Council, Austin, TX; 1998. )

Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria)

Agrimony is one of the most frequently used herbal supplements for kidney stones. Primarily because of its high silica content and its diuretic affect, agrimony can help shed excess water weight and helps to flush the kidneys and bladder and helps to get rid of kidney stones. It’s sometimes combined with corn silk to alleviate the symptoms of cystitis and urinary incontinence.

References (37 Atkins, Rosie, et al.: Herbs. The Essential Guide for a Modern World. London. Rodale International Ltd. 2006. 38 Bown, Deni: The Royal Horticultural Society New Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses. London, Dorling Kindersley 2002. 39 Burton-Seal, Julie & Matthew Seal: Backyard Medicine. Harvest and Make Your Own Herbal Remedies. New York. Skyhorse Publishing 2009. 40 Hoffmann, David: Medicinal Herbalism. The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Rochester, Vermont. Healing Art Press 2003. )

Dandelion leaf (Taraxacum officinale)

Dandelion leaves and roots have been used for centuries to treat liver, gall bladder, kidney, and joint problems. In some countries, Dandelion is considered a blood purifier and is used for ailments such as eczema and cancer. It has also been used to treat poor digestion, water retention, and diseases of the liver such as hepatitis.

Dandelion leaf is also a good natural source of potassium, and will replenish any potassium that may be lost due to the diuretic action of the other herbs in this formula.

Studies show beneficial effects of dandelion on reducing urinary tract gravel, attributed to disinfectant action and possibly the presence of saponins. Dandelion has also been used traditionally to treat respiratory disorders. Dr. James Duke notes in his book, The Green Pharmacy, that numerous clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of dandelion leaves and root for treating pneumonia, bronchitis and upper respiratory infections. Dr. Duke recommends drinking the juice that remains after the greens have been cooked. The German Pharmacopoeia lists dandelion leaf and root for treating gastrointestinal complaints stemming from bile deficiency, as well as to stimulate appetite and diuresis. Dandelion was also used in folk medicine to ease painful joint and bone conditions. The tea reduces water retention and is considered a traditional blood purifier. The diuretic effect is also useful for reducing swelling.

References (41 Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J 2000. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Copyright American Botanical Council. Publ. by Integrative Medicine Communications, 1029 Chestnut Street, Newton, MA 02464. Pp. 78-80. 42 Grases F, Melero G, Costa-Bauza A, Prieto R, March JG. 1994. “Urolithiasis and phytotherapy.” Int Urol Nephrol. 1994; 26(5): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7860196 43 Wichtl M (ed). 1994. Taraxaci Radix and Herba – Dandelion Root and Herb (English translation by Norman Grainger Bisset). In Herbal Drugs and Phyto-pharmaceuticals. CRC Press, Stuttgart, pp. 486-489. )

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense)

Horsetail has not been extensively studied in people, but professional herbalists recognize that the herb has diuretic (promotes the excretion of urine) properties that may be useful for the following health problems:

  • Urinary tract infections
  • Kidney stones

And one study that analyzed the effects of horsetail extract on diabetic rats found that after 5 weeks of treatment, the herbal extract produced significant regeneration of damaged pancreatic tissue.

References (44 Duke, J. 1997: The Green Pharmacy, The Ultimate Compendium of Natural Remedies from the World’s Foremost Authority on Healing and Herbs. pp. 36-37; 98; 132-133; 415. Rodale Press. ,  45 Foster S, and Duke JA. 1990. Horsetail in Medicinal Plants. Houghton Mifflin Co., New York, NY, p. 304. 46 Flynn, R. and Roest, M. 1995. Your Guide to Standardized Herbal Products. One World Press, 601 Granada Drive, Prescott, AZ, 86301; Library of Congress: 94-80040;  pp. 50-51. 47 Turner N, and Kuhnlein H. 1991. Traditional plant foods of Canadian indigenous peoples. Nutrition, botany and use. In Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology Vol. 8. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, p. 48. 48 Wichtl M (ed). 1994. Equiseti herba – Equisetum (English translation by Norman Grainger Bisset). In Herbal Drugs and Phyto-pharmaceuticals. CRC Press, Stuttgart, pp. 188-191. , 49 Soleimani S, Azarbaizani FF, Nejati V. “The effect of Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae) in histological changes of pancreatic beta-cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic in rats.” Pak J Biol Sci. 2007 Dec 1;10(23):4236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19086577 )

Orange peel

Limonene and flavonoids found in orange peel seem to have anti-carcinogenic properties. They can inhibit carcinogenesis by acting as a blocking agent. Studies have shown that limonin and limonene can induce the enzyme activity of glutathione S-transferase, which is an important detoxifying enzyme.

In addition, orange peel has antiseptic, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties.

References (50 Ramadan W, Mourad B, Ibrahim S, et al. “Oil of bitter orange: new topical antifungal agent.” Int J Dermatol . 1996;35:448–449. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8737885 51 Anagnostopoulou,-M.A.; Kefalas,-P.; Papageorgiou,-V.P.; Assimopoulou,-A.N.; Boskou,-D, “Radical scavenging activity of various extracts and fractions of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis).”
 Food chemistry. 2006 Jan., v. 94, issue 1 p. 19-25. http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/radical-scavenging-activity-of-various-extracts-and-fractions-of-sweet-jWiN5MBUZO
52 A. Ortuño, A. Báideza, et al. “Citrus paradisi and Citrus sinensis flavonoids: Their influence in the defence mechanism against Penicillium digitatum.”, Food Chemistry. Volume 98, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 351–358. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814605005194 )

Peppermint (Mentha piperita)

Peppermint has a relaxing effect on the muscles of the digestive and urinary system. It is useful for treating spasm problems in the urinary tract. It also has strong antibacterial and anti-fungal properties which help rid the kidneys of bacteria.

Three double-blind trials found that enteric-coated peppermint oil reduced the pain associated with intestinal spasms, commonly experienced in IBS.

References (53 Dew MJ, Evans BK, Rhodes J. “Peppermint oil for the irritable bowel syndrome: a multicenter trial.” Br J Clin Pract 1984;38:394–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6397219 54 Liu J-H, Chen G-H, Yeh H-Z, et al. “Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial.” J Gastroenterol1997;32:765–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9430014 55 Rees W, Evans B, Rhodes J. “Treating irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint oil.” Br Med J 1979; 2:835–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1596628/pdf/brmedj00094-0025.pdf )

Goldenrod (Solidago virguarea)

Goldenrod is used as an aquaretic agent, meaning that it promotes the loss of water from the body (as compared to a diuretic, which promotes the loss of both water and electrolytes such as salt). It is used frequently in Europe to treat urinary tract inflammation and to treat or prevent kidney stones. In fact, goldenrod has received official recognition in Germany for its effectiveness in getting rid of kidney stones, and it is commonly found in teas to help “flush out” kidney stones and stop inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract. Goldenrod is said to wash out bacteria and kidney stones by increasing the flow of urine, and also, soothe inflamed tissues and calm muscle spasms in the urinary tract. It isn’t used as a cure in itself, but rather as an adjunct to other, more definitive treatments such as (in the case of bladder infections) antibiotics.

Several studies have found that goldenrod does in fact increase urine flow.

References (56 European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. Solidaginis virgaureae herba (goldenrod). Exeter, UK: ESCOP; 1996–1997:1–3. Monographs on the Medicinal Uses of Plant Drugs, Fascicule 2. 57 Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J 2000. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Copyright American Botanical Council. Publ. by Integrative Medicine Communications, 1029 Chestnut Street, Newton, MA 02464. Pp. 178-181. ,  58 Chodera A, Dabrowska K, Sloderbach A, et al. 1991. “Effect of flavonoid fractions of Solidago virgaurea L on diuresis and levels of electrolytes.” Acta Pol Pharm. 1991; 48(5-6): 35-7. Polish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1669338 59 Duke JA. 1985. Solidago virgaurea L. In Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Pp. 454 –455. 60  Klein-Galczinsky C. 1999. [Pharmacological and clinical effectiveness of a fixed phytogenic combination trembling poplar (Populus tremula), true goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in mild to moderate rheumatic complaints]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999; 149(8-10): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10483692 61  Thiem B, Wesolowska M, et al. “Phenolic compounds in two Solidago L. species from in vitro culture.” Acta Pol Pharm. 2001 Jul-Aug; 58(4): 277-81. http://www.ptfarm.pl/pub/File/Acta_Poloniae/2001/4/277.pdf )

Who should use this formula and when

Since everyone accumulates sludge in their kidneys and livers, everyone is a candidate for regular use of this formula. Even people who have had their gallbladders removed will benefit. Regular softening and flushing of stones and gravel will keep your kidneys, liver, and gallbladder functioning at optimum levels and, more importantly, keep areas of those organs from choking to death and becoming non-functional. The sooner you start in life the better, but certainly the older you get, the more mandatory regular use becomes.

And as for anyone already suffering from painful kidney stones or gallstones, this formula can be a godsend. Whereas medical doctors can offer only surgery or expensive lithotripsy  procedures (which are also not without risk), this formula offers a safe, highly effective alternative – that can work with remarkable speed. Painful kidney stones and gallstones can usually soften enough for easy passage in as little as 2-8 days. And regular use of the formula can prevent any recurrence.

How to use

Simple

Use 4-8 droppers in diluted juice three times a day until bottle is gone.

Better

Take 4 ounces of this formula and mix with a quart of fresh squeezed apple juice (not bottled) and a quart of water. Drink a pint each day over 4 days.

For most people, doing this program twice a year should be enough to keep the kidneys functioning properly. An ideal time to do this program is shortly before doing a liver detox. Again, the same herbs that soften kidney stones for easy passage will also soften gallbladder stones. Using this formula shortly before doing the liver detox will greatly reduce the likelihood of discomfort when doing the liver detox.

For those who have a predilection to getting kidney stones or gallstones, this program can be done once a month to minimize the chances of any future occurrence.

If you have currently existing painful kidney or gallstones, you probably will want to mix up two batches and drink it for 8 straight days.

Do not do more than once a month on a regular basis as the diuretic effect may deplete the body of essential water soluble vitamins and minerals over time.

Note: If using in preparation for the liver detox, make sure you use within 30 days of starting the detox so the gallstones don’t get a chance to reharden before flushing.

Warning: The diuretic effects of this formula may enhance the toxic effects of certain medications, such as digoxin (used to treat congestive heart failure), phenytoin (for seizures), anticoagulants, and others. For this reason, people taking prescription medications should not use this formula without first consulting a health care provider. Also, anyone with severe kidney problems should not use this formula without first consulting their physician.

Testing the formula

There was never any question that this formula would work for many people. I’ve used variations and pieces of it for years, and some of the herbs have been time tested over decades, if not several centuries. But I wanted to see if this version of the formula was indeed stronger than anything I had put together before – after all, that was the intent. I needed an extreme test case. I decided to test it with Patty C., someone with a known, long-standing kidney condition, to see if it would help…and do so quickly.

Note: The following testimonial is from an individual stating what results THEY have experienced. I am not making any medical claims and I am not saying that the following referenced formula will cure the problems you have.

Here is her experience.

In 1989, at the age of 37, I began to have severe back pain, high fevers and nausea that would cause me to lie in bed for days. I curled up in bed, attempting to take deep breaths as sharp pains shot through my body and fevers made each muscle ache. I was shortly diagnosed with kidney sludge and a urinary tract infection where doctors put me on Vicodin and antibiotics.   Despite the pain medication, I continued to suffer from abdominal pain, stiff neck, lower back pain, spinal disk trouble, fluid retention, heel spurs, weight gain, fuzzy eyesight, and hair loss.

One day in 1993, sharp pains caused me to rush to the hospital. I felt like I had knives stabbing me in my lower back, over and over again, and the intense burning when trying to urinate haunted me every time I felt the urge to go to the bathroom. Desperate to try anything, doctors immediately performed surgery on me by placing a J-J stent, which is a tube that coils up in the kidney and urinary bladder to ease the passage of stones.

Unfortunately, the stent only lasted a few weeks. I had so many stones that even the stent backed up causing additional pain. Even worse, the doctors felt my condition was so severe that they denied me as a candidate for kidney or urinary transplant. They felt that the massive amounts of sludge would cause scar tissue and ruin any transplant within a year.

Pain clinic management was all that was allowed which turned into chronic kidney infection, bladder infections, and spiking fevers for the years that followed. I would go to work each day in chronic pain, constant burning, frequent urination, fever, chills, and nausea. Then water retention and medication even started to cause heart palpitations and high blood pressure.

In 1997, the pain was so intense, that I ended up in the hospital again and was given liquid Morphine once an hour which is usually only used for cancer patients. They sent me home with Morphine patches, fentanyl, Vicoden, and Cipro and continued to tell me there was nothing more I could do.

It never got better, even though they continued to switch pain medication with Methadone. Soon, all I could do was crawl off the coach to go to work and crawl back in bed as soon as I got home. Working as an admitting clerk at a hospital, who usually handles 100 of patients a day, became exhausting.   Every ten minutes I had to get up in-between cases and either use the bathroom or sit and cry due to the pain. Several times I buckled over while trying to help a patient and co-workers had to close the booth down as I crashed out on the desk in agony.

My co-workers said they could not hide my pain from the patients any longer (or my boss) and the hospital forced me finally go out on disability. Eventually I had to have family and friends come over to drop off groceries and basic supplies. I needed help with basic tasks such as showering, cleaning house, cooking, and driving.

My friends watched me for the next three years go from being a social butterfly to a dark anti-social outcast hiding in a dark room, unwilling to open the blinds. Eventually, I no longer wanted friends to visit and I just wanted to lie there alone hoping the medication would knock out the pain and allow me to sleep through the entire experience. Sleeping all day eventually led to severe depression. I have always been known as the fun, positive comedian to all my friends, but the pain even wiped out my positive spirit. My family was so concerned, that they motivated me to start seeing a psychotherapist. I later realized that pain has a major impact on mental stability and two-thirds of all people committed to mental institutions suffered from kidney disorders BEFORE the mental illness. Clearly, I was not alone.

I did get my fighting spirit back and that got me through the last ten years. With a more positive attitude, I managed to have friends over again. I continued to experiment with alternative solutions such as aloe vera, cats claw, beta-carotene, magnesium, large does of vitamin E, Chinese mushroom tea, spirulina, and anything else I could find through friends or at the health food store. I tried natural healers, Reiki, massage treatments, you name it, but nothing made a difference. I moved home with my elderly parents and we tried to help each other make it through each day. Nothing got much better except that I learned to cope with my situation with a positive attitude. Kidney and urinary infections continued every 2-3 months and Cipro became my life mate which would completely knock me out in bed for at least a week at a time. Doctors started to joke with me saying I would glow in the dark for being on Cipro so long!

Until Jon Barron came along…

I tried his new kidney formula on September 20th, 2007.   Immediately I liked the taste, especially when mixed with fresh pressed apple juice, and told myself that this would be an easy formula to take for seven days. Within 8 hours, I could tell something was happening in my kidneys. I had a little bit of nausea on the first day, but it went away by the second day. By the third day, ALL my kidney symptoms—back pain, abdominal pain, stiff neck, lower back pain, fluid retention, heel spurs, fuzzy eyesight, and painful urination—completely dissipated. The most AMAZING part is that I had a release of major pressure in my lower back and right kidney, which is the first time I have ever noticed even a slight release in over ten years. When I went to the bathroom, I could actually urinate with ease and I never had to strain (this is common because kidney sludge inhibits regular flow). I also had no burning!  All of this was so shocking I held my breath hoping that this pain relief would continue. By the fourth day, I stopped taking my evening dose of pain medication and noticed for the first time in over ten years, I had no pain.

I am now on the sixth day and I am overwhelmingly amazed at how fast this formula has worked, and how it already has so drastically changed my life. I am so grateful for a formula that can change my life and all the other thousands of people who are enduring the same excruciating pain. This formula is so tremendous that I only wish I could have had access to it years ago!

Patty C., CA

Update

2 months later, I can report holding strong even after the one round of this formula! I still do not have need for my evening pain medication, my urine flow has remained normal, pressure in my lower back has never returned and my energy levels continue to climb.

Jon Barron is a lifesaver and I am so grateful for his dedication and the research he did to create a formula that could help my life and all the other thousands of people who are enduring the same excruciating pain. This formula is so tremendous that I only wish I could have had this product years ago. Thank you Jon Barron and the staff at Baseline Nutritionals®!

Still interested in more information on this topic? Review the following Newsletters:

Readers Testimonial

“Jon Barron's work has to be the most exciting and ground breaking contribution to knowledge in the history of the...” Continue

Dr. Leonard Marinovich, M.D.

Jon's Guide To Supplements

Check out Jon Barron's comprehensive guide on supplements. Learn what you should consider taking, when, and why. Also gives a list for special health needs.

Suggested Health Products

Baseline Nutritionals® promise

  • USP grade nutraceuticals
  • Organic and wild crafted herbs
  • Heavy Metal Tested
  • cGMP Compliancy & 3rd Party Validated
  • Baseline Nutritionals® offers a 100% guarantee on all products.

References

References
1 “Kidney Disease Statistics for the United States.” NKUDIC. (Accessed 14 Feb 2015.) http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/kustats/
2 “2014 Annual Data Report.” USRDS. 2014. http://www.usrds.org/2014/view/Default.aspx
3  “Diet for Kidney Stone Prevention.” NKUDIC (Accessed 1 Jan 2015.) http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/KUDiseases/pubs/kidneystonediet/index.aspx
4 Murugaiyah V, et al. “Antihyperuricemic lignans from the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri.” Planta Med. 2006 Nov; 72(14): 1262-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953466
5 Micali, S., et al. “Can Phyllanthus niruri affect the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for renal stones? A randomized, prospective, long-term study.” J. Urol. 2006 Sep; 176(3): 1020-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890682
6 Barros, M. E., et al. “Effect of extract of Phyllanthus niruri on crystal deposition in experimental urolithiasis.” Urol Res. 2006 Dec;34(6):351-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16896689
7 Nishiura, J. L., et al. “Phyllanthus niruri normalizes elevated urinary calcium levels in calcium stone forming (CSF) patients.” Urol. Res. 2004 Oct; 32(5): 362-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15221244
8 Barros, M. E., et al. “Effects of an aqueous extract from Phyllanthus niruri on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro.” Urol. Res. 2003; 30(6): 374-9. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00240-002-0285-y#page-1
9 Freitas, A. M., et al. “The effect of Phyllanthus niruri on urinary inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization and other factors associated with renal stone formation.” B. J. U. Int. 2002; 89(9): 829–34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12010223
10 Campos, A. H., et al. “Phyllanthus niruri inhibits calcium oxalate endocytosis by renal tubular cells: its role in urolithiasis.” Nephron. 1999; 81(4): 393–97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10095174
11 Anon: British Herbal Pharmacopoeia. British Herbal Medicine Association, Keighley, UK; 1996.
12 Newall CA, Anderson LA & Phillipson JD: Herbal Medicines. A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. Pharmaceutical Press, London, UK; 1996.
13 Duke JA: Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 1985.
14 BHMA 1983 British Herbal Pharmacopoeia, BHMA, Bournemouth.
15 Grieve, M. 1931 A Modern Herbal, (ed. C.F. Leyel 1985), London.
16 Hoffmann, D. 1990 The New Holistic Herbal, Second Edition, Element, Shaftesbury.
17 Lust, J. 1990 The Herb Book, Bantam, London.
18 Mabey, R. (ed.) 1991 The Complete New Herbal, Penguin, London.
19 Mills, S.Y. 1993 The A-Z of Modern Herbalism, Diamond Books, London.
20 Wren, R.C. 1988 Potter’s New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, C.W.Daniel, Saffron Walden.
21 Duke, J. 1997: The Green Pharmacy, The Ultimate Compendium of Natural Remedies from the World’s Foremost Authority on Healing and Herbs. Pp. 53; 104; 119; 181; 187; 207; 479; 491. Rodale Press.
22 Guarnieri A, Chiarini A, Burnelli S, Amorosa M. 1974. “Mucilage of Althaea officinalis.” Farmaco [Prat]. 1974 Feb; 29(2): 83-91. Italian.
23 Newall C, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals . London, England: Pharmaceutical Press; 1996:176.
24 Tyler VE. Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1994, 76–7.
25 Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckman J. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 2000, 218–20.
26 Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al (eds). The Complete Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications, 1998, 155–6.
27 Wichtl M (ed). 1994. Juniperi fructus – Juniper berry. In Herbal Drugs and Phyto-pharmaceuticals. (English translation by Norman Grainger Bisset). CRC Press, Stuttgart, pp. 283-285.
28 Bradley PR (ed): British Herbal Compendium, Vol 1. British Herbal Medicine Association, Bournemouth, UK; 1992.
29 Bever BO and Zahnd GR. Plants with oral hypoglycaemic action.  Q J Crude Drug Res 1979; 17: 139-196.
30 Hahn SJ. Pharmacological action of Maydis stigma. K’at’ollik Taehak Uihakpu Nonmunjip 1973; 25: 127-141.
31 McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R et al (eds): American Herbal Products Association’s Botanical Safety Handbook. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL; 1997.
32 Blumenthal M (ed): Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. American Botanical Council, Austin, TX; 2000.
33 Siegers C, Siegers J, Pentz R, et al. “Metabolism of arbutin from uva ursi-extracts in humans.” Pharm Pharmacol Lett 1997;7(2-3);90-2.
34 Larsson B, Jonasson A, Fianu S. “Prophylactic effect of UVA-E in women with recurrent cystitis: a preliminary report.” Curr Ther Res Clin exp 1993;53(4):441-3. http://www.currenttherapeuticres.com/article/S0011-393X(05)80204-8/abstract
35 Newall CA, Anderson LA & Phillipson JD (eds): Herbal Medicines: A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, England; 1996.
36 Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A et al (eds): The Complete German Commission E Monographs, 1st ed. American Botanical Council, Austin, TX; 1998.
37 Atkins, Rosie, et al.: Herbs. The Essential Guide for a Modern World. London. Rodale International Ltd. 2006.
38 Bown, Deni: The Royal Horticultural Society New Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses. London, Dorling Kindersley 2002.
39 Burton-Seal, Julie & Matthew Seal: Backyard Medicine. Harvest and Make Your Own Herbal Remedies. New York. Skyhorse Publishing 2009.
40 Hoffmann, David: Medicinal Herbalism. The Science and Practice of Herbal Medicine. Rochester, Vermont. Healing Art Press 2003.
41 Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J 2000. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Copyright American Botanical Council. Publ. by Integrative Medicine Communications, 1029 Chestnut Street, Newton, MA 02464. Pp. 78-80.
42 Grases F, Melero G, Costa-Bauza A, Prieto R, March JG. 1994. “Urolithiasis and phytotherapy.” Int Urol Nephrol. 1994; 26(5): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7860196
43 Wichtl M (ed). 1994. Taraxaci Radix and Herba – Dandelion Root and Herb (English translation by Norman Grainger Bisset). In Herbal Drugs and Phyto-pharmaceuticals. CRC Press, Stuttgart, pp. 486-489.
44 Duke, J. 1997: The Green Pharmacy, The Ultimate Compendium of Natural Remedies from the World’s Foremost Authority on Healing and Herbs. pp. 36-37; 98; 132-133; 415. Rodale Press.
45 Foster S, and Duke JA. 1990. Horsetail in Medicinal Plants. Houghton Mifflin Co., New York, NY, p. 304.
46 Flynn, R. and Roest, M. 1995. Your Guide to Standardized Herbal Products. One World Press, 601 Granada Drive, Prescott, AZ, 86301; Library of Congress: 94-80040;  pp. 50-51.
47 Turner N, and Kuhnlein H. 1991. Traditional plant foods of Canadian indigenous peoples. Nutrition, botany and use. In Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology Vol. 8. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, p. 48.
48 Wichtl M (ed). 1994. Equiseti herba – Equisetum (English translation by Norman Grainger Bisset). In Herbal Drugs and Phyto-pharmaceuticals. CRC Press, Stuttgart, pp. 188-191.
49 Soleimani S, Azarbaizani FF, Nejati V. “The effect of Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae) in histological changes of pancreatic beta-cells in streptozotocin-induced diabetic in rats.” Pak J Biol Sci. 2007 Dec 1;10(23):4236-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19086577 
50 Ramadan W, Mourad B, Ibrahim S, et al. “Oil of bitter orange: new topical antifungal agent.” Int J Dermatol . 1996;35:448–449. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8737885
51 Anagnostopoulou,-M.A.; Kefalas,-P.; Papageorgiou,-V.P.; Assimopoulou,-A.N.; Boskou,-D, “Radical scavenging activity of various extracts and fractions of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis).”
 Food chemistry. 2006 Jan., v. 94, issue 1 p. 19-25. http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/elsevier/radical-scavenging-activity-of-various-extracts-and-fractions-of-sweet-jWiN5MBUZO
52 A. Ortuño, A. Báideza, et al. “Citrus paradisi and Citrus sinensis flavonoids: Their influence in the defence mechanism against Penicillium digitatum.”, Food Chemistry. Volume 98, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 351–358. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814605005194
53 Dew MJ, Evans BK, Rhodes J. “Peppermint oil for the irritable bowel syndrome: a multicenter trial.” Br J Clin Pract 1984;38:394–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6397219
54 Liu J-H, Chen G-H, Yeh H-Z, et al. “Enteric-coated peppermint-oil capsules in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized trial.” J Gastroenterol1997;32:765–8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9430014
55 Rees W, Evans B, Rhodes J. “Treating irritable bowel syndrome with peppermint oil.” Br Med J 1979; 2:835–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1596628/pdf/brmedj00094-0025.pdf
56 European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. Solidaginis virgaureae herba (goldenrod). Exeter, UK: ESCOP; 1996–1997:1–3. Monographs on the Medicinal Uses of Plant Drugs, Fascicule 2.
57 Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J 2000. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Copyright American Botanical Council. Publ. by Integrative Medicine Communications, 1029 Chestnut Street, Newton, MA 02464. Pp. 178-181.
58 Chodera A, Dabrowska K, Sloderbach A, et al. 1991. “Effect of flavonoid fractions of Solidago virgaurea L on diuresis and levels of electrolytes.” Acta Pol Pharm. 1991; 48(5-6): 35-7. Polish. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1669338
59 Duke JA. 1985. Solidago virgaurea L. In Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, Pp. 454 –455.
60  Klein-Galczinsky C. 1999. [Pharmacological and clinical effectiveness of a fixed phytogenic combination trembling poplar (Populus tremula), true goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea) and ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in mild to moderate rheumatic complaints]. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999; 149(8-10): 248-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10483692
61  Thiem B, Wesolowska M, et al. “Phenolic compounds in two Solidago L. species from in vitro culture.” Acta Pol Pharm. 2001 Jul-Aug; 58(4): 277-81. http://www.ptfarm.pl/pub/File/Acta_Poloniae/2001/4/277.pdf